Pure zirconia, in its natural form, is not ideal for industrial and engineering applications due to its inherent brittleness, particularly in the monoclinic phase. This structural limitation reduces its suitability for environments demanding durability and mechanical strength. To overcome this challenge, zirconia is doped with metallic oxides such as magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃), or other rare-earth oxides. These dopants enhance structural stability, transforming zirconia into a more robust material capable of withstanding high pressures and temperatures. This review examines the properties of Calcia-Stabilized Zirconia (CSZ) and explores the primary methods employed for its synthesis and enhancement. By stabilizing zirconia with calcium oxide, researchers aim to improve its thermal and mechanical properties, broadening its applications across various industries. The review further highlights the advantages of CSZ over other stabilized zirconia in specific applications, providing insights into its potential for future innovations.
