چکیده
|
Human health risk assessment (HHRA) in probabilistic space is an ongoing research activity that plays a crucial role in managing water quality risks. This study formulates a probabilistic HHRA based on two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) for a set of groundwater samples exposed to trace elements of arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) for dermal and oral pathways. The developed two-dimensional MCS captures the parameter variability in Dimension I and the functional uncertainty of the probability functions in Dimension II. The probabilistic HHRA was implemented in the Tabriz plain, a strategic aquifer in northwest Iran. The results of probabilistic HHRA indicate that the minimum and maximum values for total risk are 10 and 44 times greater than the tolerable contamination range (TCR = 1 × 10 4), respectively. The HHRA results also delineate the hotspots in the aquifer for individual and total designated elements. The results also indicate that remedial
|